Armagh Orchard by Steven Barnes
Apple trees in bloom in a Co Armagh orchard by: Steven Barnes

Co Armagh: The Orchard of Ireland

Nestled in Northern Ireland, Co Armagh is a region brimming with historical significance, natural beauty, and cultural heritage. I myself am an native of South Armagh. Often referred to as the “Orchard County,” it is known for its rich apple-growing tradition. It is also known for its stunning scenic landscapes including Slieve gullion. Designated an area of outstanding beauty I will write about at the end of this article. Despite its relatively small size, Co Armagh holds a unique place in both Irish history and culture.

Let’s explore what makes this county so distinctive, its famous people, key attractions, and interesting facts.


1. Location and Geography

Co Armagh is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland. Located in the southeastern part of the province of Ulster it is bordered by County Tyrone to the northwest, County Down to the east. It is also bordered with County Monaghan (Republic of Ireland) to the south. The landscape is a mix of rolling hills, fertile plains, and lush apple orchards. It has earning it the title; “The Orchard of Ireland.”

Armagh’s central position in Northern Ireland has made it a crossroads for many key events in Irish history, particularly in religious and political terms.


2. Historical and Religious Significance

The Ecclesiastical Capital of Ireland

One of the most remarkable aspects of County Armagh is its deep-rooted connection to Irish Christianity. The city of Armagh is known as the Ecclesiastical Capital of Ireland, considered the spiritual heart of the island.

St Patrick’s Roman Catholic Cathedral in Co Armagh by Alan Morris

Saint Patrick’s Legacy

The county’s religious importance dates back to the 5th century. Saint Patrick, Ireland’s patron saint, founded his principal church in the city of Armagh in 445 AD. This led to Armagh becoming the spiritual center of Christianity in Ireland, and today. It is the seat of both the Church of Ireland and the Roman Catholic archbishops of Ireland. Armagh remains the only city in the world with two cathedrals. Saint Patrick: St. Patrick’s Cathedral (Church of Ireland) and St. Patrick’s Cathedral (Roman Catholic).

Navan Fort (Emain Macha)

On the outskirts of Armagh city lies Navan Fort, one of the most significant ancient sites in Ireland. Known in Irish as Emain Macha, it was the royal seat of the Ulaid, a people of ancient Ulster. According to Irish mythology, it was the capital of the Red Branch Knights. It is associated with heroic figures like Cú Chulainn one of the greatest warriors in Irish legend. The fort dates back to the Iron Age. It offers visitors a glimpse into the early history and legends that shaped Irish identity.


3. What Co Armagh is Famous For

Apple Orchards and Cider

Armagh is famously known as the “Orchard County” due to its abundant apple orchards. The region’s fertile soil and favorable climate have made it ideal for growing apples, particularly the Armagh Bramley Apple. This apple has Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status, similar to Champagne in France or Parma ham in Italy.

The apple-growing tradition is celebrated annually during the Armagh Food and Cider Festival, where local produce, artisanal foods, and traditional ciders take center stage. Armagh’s apples are not only a symbol of the county’s agricultural success but also an integral part of the local culture.

Armagh Observatory and Planetarium

The Armagh Observatory and Planetarium is another landmark that distinguishes the county. Founded in 1790 by Archbishop Richard Robinson, the observatory is one of the oldest scientific institutions in the British Isles. The planetarium, established later in the 1960s, offers educational programs and interactive exhibitions on astronomy and space science. Together, they have earned Armagh a place on the map as a hub for both historical and modern scientific inquiry and is definately worth including in a visit to the county.


4. Famous People from County Armagh

Brian Boru

One of the most famous historical figures associated with County Armagh is Brian Boru, the legendary High King of Ireland. While originally from County Clare, Boru visited Armagh in 1004 AD to have his authority over Ireland acknowledged. He made a significant donation to the church in Armagh, recognizing it as the religious capital of the island. His association with the county further solidifies its importance in Irish history.

Seamus Heaney

Although Seamus Heaney, the Nobel Prize-winning poet, is often associated with County Londonderry, he had a close connection to Armagh. Heaney wrote extensively about the landscapes and histories of Northern Ireland, including those of Armagh, in his poetry. His profound reflections on the Troubles and Irish rural life continue to resonate with readers worldwide.

Thomas D’Arcy McGee

Born in Carlingford, County Louth, but raised in County Armagh, Thomas D’Arcy McGee was a pivotal figure in both Irish and Canadian history. A staunch advocate of Irish independence during his youth, McGee later became a leading figure in Canadian politics, known for his role in the formation of modern Canada. He remains one of the most influential Irish emigrants of the 19th century.

Sam Neill

Although he was born in Omagh, County Tyrone, Sam Neill, the actor famed for his roles in Jurassic Park and The Piano, spent part of his childhood in County Armagh. His connection to Northern Ireland and Irish culture is often reflected in his interviews.


5. Armagh’s Unique Attractions and Landmarks

St. Patrick’s Cathedrals

The two St. Patrick’s Cathedrals—one Roman Catholic and one Church of Ireland—are stunning symbols of Armagh’s religious significance. The Church of Ireland cathedral stands on the site of the church founded by Saint Patrick himself, while the Roman Catholic cathedral, located on a hilltop, offers breathtaking views of the surrounding countryside.

Armagh Gaol

The historic Armagh Gaol, once a women’s prison, is now an important heritage site. The building, dating back to the 18th century, housed political prisoners during the Troubles and offers a glimpse into the county’s more turbulent periods.

Lough Neagh

Part of Lough Neagh, the largest freshwater lake in the British Isles, lies within Co Armagh. It is a prime location for birdwatching, fishing, and enjoying the natural beauty of the surrounding area. Lough Neagh is said to have been created by the Irish giant Fionn mac Cumhaill, who scooped out the land and threw it into the sea, forming the Isle of Man in the process.

Slieve Gullion

Slieve Gullion, located in South Armagh, is the highest peak in County Armagh, rising 573 meters (1,880 feet) above sea level. This striking mountain is the centerpiece of the Ring of Gullion, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) known for its rugged landscapes, ancient monuments, and rich mythology. According to Irish legend, the mountain is linked to the stories of the hero Cú Chulainn and the sorceress Cailleach Bhéara. Visitors to Slieve Gullion can explore its scenic walking trails, the ancient passage tomb at the summit, and enjoy panoramic views of the surrounding countryside, including glimpses of the Mourne Mountains and Carlingford Lough. Slieve Gullion is especially close to my heart and if you are interested in mountain climbing, it is a must visit. Check out the link below for more information about this amazing area of outstanding beauty.

https://ringofgullion.org/landscape-heritage/


6. Interesting Facts About County Armagh

  • Orange Order: County Armagh has strong historical ties to the Orange Order, a Protestant fraternal organization established in the late 18th century to commemorate the victory of Protestant King William of Orange over Catholic King James II at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690. Armagh remains a significant region for the annual Twelfth of July parades, an event of great cultural and political importance in Northern Ireland.
  • Armagh Rhymers: The Armagh Rhymers are one of the most celebrated traditional folk theater groups in Ireland. With origins dating back hundreds of years, they perform mumming—a form of folk drama that blends storytelling, music, and mask-wearing. The Rhymers are an essential part of Armagh’s cultural heritage, keeping ancient traditions alive.
  • John O’Connor Writing School: Armagh is home to the John O’Connor Writing School, named after the acclaimed author from the county. This annual event attracts aspiring writers and literary enthusiasts from all over the island of Ireland and beyond, offering workshops and lectures by leading authors and poets.

7. Festivals and Events

Armagh Food and Cider Festival

Held annually, the Armagh Food and Cider Festival showcases the county’s rich agricultural heritage, particularly its apple-growing tradition. Visitors can sample local produce, enjoy cider tastings, and experience the best of Armagh’s food culture.

St. Patrick’s Day Celebrations

Given its connection to Saint Patrick, Armagh’s St. Patrick’s Day celebrations are among the most vibrant and historically significant in all of Ireland. The city hosts parades, religious services, and cultural events that draw visitors from across the country.


Conclusion

County Armagh is a land steeped in history, faith, and natural beauty. From its ancient roots at Navan Fort to its status as the ecclesiastical capital of Ireland, Armagh has played a central role in shaping the island’s history. With its famous apple orchards, rich cultural traditions, and associations with figures like Saint Patrick and Brian Boru, County Armagh stands out as a unique and fascinating destination.

Whether you’re exploring its historic city, enjoying a cider tour, or hiking through its scenic landscapes, County Armagh offers visitors a true taste of Ireland’s past and present.